Walworth Under Fire
The memoirs of Rev. John Markham,
Continued from Part Seven
On October 28th, 1940, the Air Raid warning sounded at the usual
time, about 6pm. The crypt shelter was full, even before the warning. Everybody
had their usual settling down period - perhaps a few songs, families talking,
eating the food they brought with them before they laid down to get some sleep
in their usual places on improvised bedding, deck chairs and even on the bare
stone floor. The shelter wardens, mostly members of the congregation, including
one of my churchwardens, little Mr Morgan, getting on in years had the usual
busy time, fetching drinking water from the tap up to the church vestry, doling
out tea from the club bar, made by some of our ladies, and then settling down
for a rest themselves, as the night wore on, and our area seemed to be having a
quiet time. What bombs were dropped seemed to be aimed at other parts of London
by scattered groups of planes, sent over night after night, not only to cause
damage, but to wear down the morale and the working ability of the civilian
population.
We wardens were on patrol, or in some cases were resting in the
crypt, or the post, snatching some food or sleep if possible. My messenger and
I, however, had a busy time around midnight helping the police, when we had
alerted, to seek out and arrest some intruders in the erstwhile film studio and
former Baptist Chapel a few yards from the Rectory. We had heard them at work,
looting the belongings of bombed out houses, stored there by the borough. We
failed to catch them: all seemed quiet. Jenner and I returned to the Post, and
then decided that we would make a circuit of the area, to contact the wardens
on patrol, whom we had not been able to see for several hours. As usual, we
mounted our blitz bikes, brakeless, lampless, and started off down the street alongside
the churchyard.
We heard the explosion of one or two bombs in the distance, and
carried out our usual drill - falling off the bikes without stopping. As we hit
the ground, five bombs exploded around us, so that we could see the orange
flashes; two in the churchyard beyond the church, two others, as it turned out,
in the church, and one in the garden of one of the small houses beside us,
throwing some of the dirt on us, as we sprawled in the gutter. We got up, and
rushed round to the other side of the church, which appeared, in the moonlight,
to be undamaged, expecting to find that the houses on the other side of the
churchyard had been hit. No signs of damage there. Then I heard a dull,
confused murmur from the crypt, and a dusty figure struggled among the sandbags
in the doorway at the foot of the steps, leading down to the shelter, crying
out ‘Help!’ In a flash I guessed that the orange bursts that I had glimpsed
through the windows of the church as I sprawled on the road belonged to bombs
which had exploded in the east end of the crypt. I shouted to the dusty figure, ‘I will get
help!’ and ran round the church, into the Post, dashed off a message for the
telephonist, giving a rough estimate of 200 casualties, guessed from the
probable number in that part of the crypt which appeared to have been hit, and
then, leaving the wardens there to start in the crypt, ran round to the school
next door, shouted to the R.A.F. Balloon crew, ‘Get your beds ready, and plenty
of boiling water, and I will send all casualties round here.’
In a remarkably short time, the Mobile Unit, with a doctor on
board, and a complement of nurses, armed with the life-saving morphia so
essential in dealing with the shock of major casualties, drove up, and I
directed it to the school, where they were able to work on the casualties in
full light, and plenty of space. The balloon crew worked like Trojans, helping
in the crypt to bring out casualties, and having a boiler full of water on the
ready. In a remarkably short time, a steady stream of injured were going
through the process of being diagnosed by the doctor, cleaned up and given
First Aid. Stretcher Parties arrived, together with Light Rescue teams. As a
result of my original message, giving 200 possible casualties, Control made it
a major incident, which entitled them to call on Regional help from other
boroughs, so that we had ample services on the site within a matter of half an
hour at most. We were fortunate that no more bombs fell that night: indeed, we
were probably the victims of a lone plane on its way home, dropping its load
across the borough. They proved to be 50 kilogramme semi-armour piercing bombs,
part of a stick of twelve.
Those early hours of that morning were so hectic that my memories
of it are confused. I remember that I was very busy rushing backwards and
forwards, from the Post to the school and the church, seeing that the various
services were directed and parked. Early on, the Post was invaded by walking
casualties, brought out of the crypt, or found staggering about in the
churchyard, dazed and covered from head to foot in white dust. I snatched up a
couple of First Aid boxes and shoved them into my wife’s hands, as she sat with
my daughter in her arms in the kitchen, both in their night-clothes, for it had
been a quiet night, and had enabled them to get to sleep, until the crypt was
hit. I said ‘I am sending in some light casualties to you: get on with it.’ I
dashed off to the churchyard to see what was going on, just in time to find AlfMorgan, my
elderly churchwarden, crawling out of one of the windows of the crypt, where
the explosion had blown away the protecting sandbags. His foot was badly
injured. I got someone to take him along to the school. On one of my visits to
the Post, I found an old lady, who lived just round the corner, sitting in one
of chairs, where one of the wardens had put her. She was grey with dust from
head to foot, and where her skin was exposed it was beginning to peel off.
Otherwise, she did not seem to be injured and was fully conscious. In fact, she
died later from the effects of blast.
My estimate of casualties was not far out: later we reckoned on
250 seriously hurt, and over 70 killed, with hundreds of lesser casualties, caused mainly by splinters
from the wooden partitions, dividing the various parts of the crypt. The blast
had torn the matchboarding into countless needle-like splinters, which rifled
into people and their belongings. Later on, when we salvaged the hundreds of
handbags left in the crypt, we found them filled with minute fragments of wood,
which had pierced the leather or cloth of the bags without tearing them
noticeably.
The blast in the confined space of the crypt, was greater than it
might have been because both bombs exploded on the floor of the crypt, having,
in one case gone through the roof and ceiling of the church, then the organ, on
through the thick stone floor. Being semi-armour piercing and dropped from a
height of perhaps 20,000 feet, they literally bored their way through these
successive layers, and in the case of the second one, through a 12 inch beam,
literally like a gimlet, without dislodging it from the floor of the gallery
which the beam was supporting. The combined blast produced some bizarre
results, some of which were studied by Air Ministry experts later on. On that
night, one which was perhaps the strangest of all was the injury incurred by
one young man, who undoubtedly owed his life to the rapid manner in which he
was attended by the First Aid services and the speed with which he was
transferred to hospital. When the bombs fell, he was lying asleep on the floor.
The blast hurled a wooden kitchen chair through the air, and a slab of stone,
likewise projected by the blast, drove the leg of the chair through his hip,
where it was firmly embedded. When he was found, his rescuers sensibly left the
chair-leg embedded, detached the remains of the chair, and sent him off to
hospital. Within three months, he was back at work in his factory.
Another strange case was that of a young woman, who was sitting in
a chair by the brick pier supporting one of the arches in the crypt. One of the
bombs exploded just the other side of this brick pier, blowing to bits a whole
family, six members of which I commended to Almighty God a few days later at a
funeral service in a neighbouring church. The young woman, just a few feet from
them, was uninjured, except for a burst eardrum.
The heavy brick arches and piers caused many strange effects of
similar nature. One of these concerned the injury to Alf Morgan, whom I had
found crawling on hands and knees in the churchyard. He had been asleep on the stone
floor; the blast ripped past him, missing him entirely, except for one foot
which happened to be in its path. This was reduced to a pulp, so that he was in
hospital for many weeks.
Another of my shelter wardens, Mrs Curtis, was resting in one of
the club arm chairs, when the blast lifted a huge stone slab, forming the
ceiling of the crypt and the floor of the church, and shattered it, as it fell.
Half of the slab crashed down, its fall broken by the central heating pipes,
and pinned her in the armchair. When the wardens found her, she was sitting
there, perfectly conscious, comparatively unhurt, unable to move, with rusty
water dripping from the pipes onto her head. The Rescue workers managed to free
her, and I found her being treated in the school. She was badly bruised on the
thighs, but otherwise all right.
Two of my wardens were not so fortunate. They were off-duty in the
crypt, when it was hit. One was the 19 year old, rather unfit, only son of a
widow. His name was Kenneth Ballard. The other, Arthur Townsend, was an older
man, with a wife and family. One of the problems, with which I had to deal
with, as we got most of the casualties away to hospital in two hours, was the
disposal of the dead. I decided that the considerable risk of panic among the
wardens and the local population would be heightened if they had to see rows of
dead laid out, waiting for the mortuary vans. I had all the bodies taken
straight into the undamaged West End of the church, where they were laid out in
rows in one of the aisles. In the morning there were 35 stretchers of the
remains waiting for the vans. Their blood stained the stone flags: I was glad
that I was able within a week to establish our altar on that very spot, where
we offered the sacrifice of our worship and prayer for them and ourselves, and
all the world, during the following years.
I shall always remember them.
Those stretchers represented less than half the number of those
who died either at the time, or later on in hospital. One of the latter remains
particularly in my memory, on account of its tragic irony. It concerned a young
coloured girl, one of the communicant members of the congregation, aged about
sixteen. She was lying on the floor of the crypt when the bombs hit. A fragment
of one tore into her leg, and finally lodged in her groin. Gangrene set in as a
result, so that the hospital, despairing of her life, wanted to amputate her
leg. She steadfastly refused to allow this, fighting for her life through
something like fifteen operations, to triumph after long months, walking again.
She was finally evacuated somewhere North. However, she had a small injury from
the shrapnel of the bomb to one of her fingers. She was a keen pianist. So she
came back to London to have a comparatively minor operation to straighten the
finger. She died under the anaesthetic.
Having visited her during the fight that she made in hospital, and seen
her courage and indestructible spirit, I grieved greatly for her. I hope I have
the privilege of meeting her in the hereafter.
One Italian family was wiped out in the crypt shelter, where they
had taken the week’s takings of their business. We had the job of counting bags
of coins and bundles of pound notes, some of which were shredded to thin strips
by the blast. One sixpence had been melted by the heat of the explosion and
formed itself into a sharp silver spike which protruded from the handbag like a
needle.
Dawn and the ‘All Clear’ wailing of the sirens found us very
weary, particularly, my wardens, many of whom had plunged into the work of
extracting the injured from the tangle of debris and darkness of the crypt. I
was luckier in that I had been too busy directing the whole operation to have
much close contact with the dead and injured. Inevitably, those who had been
down amongst it all were suffering from shock, as were the whole neighbourhood,
when they came out of their shelters, checked up on their friends and
relatives, many of whom were in the crypt. There was a shocked feeling about,
heightened by the belief that many had cherished that the crypt was a safe
shelter - an illusion which I had never shared.
By this time, the Control had sent down a senior officer to take
over my job, so that, for the first time after three or four hours, I was able
to look into the Rectory kitchen to see how Eileen and our baby daughter were
getting on. My last view of the latter had been of her sitting in her little
chair in her night clothes in the Wardens’ Post, watched over by one of the
telephonists. The milling crowd of wardens, entering and leaving, hardly
noticed the small figure. Tears were not far away.
I found her and her mother in the kitchen, which was a scene of
desolation. The floor was covered with bits of blood-stained cotton wool and
rags. Eileen had treated more than twenty casualties single-handed. One of them
was an elderly, rather bald man, with a scalp wound. He had wandered round the
large kitchen table, brushing his bleeding scalp on the baby's washing, which
was hanging from a line covered with his blood. Susan was on Eileen’s lap. I
swept up all the mess that I could and took it into our small backyard. I
cannot remember having any breakfast. What I do remember is the instinctive
determination to get some sleep, for I knew that we were likely to have another
long night of alert and bombs. My wardens were more shattered than I was: the
parish was near panic. I felt that I must be fit to deal with what might come.
‘I'm going to bed.’ I said to Eileen, who asked ‘What shall I do if anybody
cones down to see you? ‘ ‘Tell them I am sleeping, and must not be disturbed.’
I think that I went out
like a light, and slept, fully clothed in my A.R.P. overall and gumboots, on
the camp bed in the scullery. I was oblivious to all the comings and goings in
the Post next door. Apparently, my Bishop came: Admiral Evans, the Regional
Commissioner, likewise. Eileen kept them firmly at bay. When I awoke about
lunch time, things were quieter. I was able to deal with some of the aftermath,
such as seeing that the dead were removed from the church.
A few hours later, the warning went, and the usual night raid
began. The wardens were very jittery. It was not long before we were dealing
with another problem - an unexploded bomb in Bronti Place, the inhabitants of
which had to be evacuated there and then. It was a long night, but luckily for
our area, one without further casualties. I was glad that I had got some sleep,
when I did, as I had to hold things together very much that night. The
following days were busy, for we had hundreds of inquiries about the
casualties. I gave Bertram Calver, my curate, the task of checking up on their
whereabouts, for they were treated at various hospitals, and then transferred
to the evacuated sections of the larger units, such as St. Thomas’ and Guy’s.
One of them was at Brookwood in a very large and gloomy Mental Hospital
building. Another was housed in Some Army huts. I could not afford much time to
visit them, as the journey was often long and complicated. A more lugubrious
task for Bertram was that of checking queries that arose concerning the bodies
of the dead. One in particular produced a particularly thorny problem. Someone
identified a body as that of his mother, and had her buried. Later on, the
family of the lady in question refused to accept the body labelled with her
name, and eventually it was indeed proved that she had been claimed by the
wrong family and had already been buried under another name. It was decided
that the body should be exhumed and reburied under her real name. The Town Hall
officials were about to go through the difficult and lengthy process of getting
a Home Office exhumation order, when Calver reported it to me. As she had been
buried in consecrated ground, I rang up the Bishop's Legal adviser, who
affirmed that we did not need a Home Office order, the Bishop being able to
authorise the exhumation and reburial. This was done quickly, and I took the
funeral. The original coffin was encased in another larger one for this second
burial - the only time I have seen this done.
It was extremely difficult, also, to establish the exact identity
and number of those who were killed in the crypt, as we kept no records of
those who sheltered there. The coroner in some cases wanted proof of the fact
that certain people, known to have sheltered in the crypt on most nights, were
actually there on the night of the bombing. After months, it was decided that
the crypt would have to be cleared completely of all the debris, which would
have to be sifted carefully for any evidence of identity. Rescue teams were
sent down, to work in masks for two hour shifts, over a period of six weeks. I
had to go down with them for quite a lot of the time, as being the person most
likely to know the significance of any find. It was a gruesome business, as the
blast had literally lifted the whole church slightly, causing the brickwork to
part a fraction, with the result that fragments of clothing and human flesh
were caught between the bricks. I remember taking an Air Force officer from the
Air Ministry down there for an inspection of the damage. After a few minutes, I
noticed that he was very silent and looking a trifle green. He said ‘I am
sorry: I must get out of here.’ I had got so used to the smell that I was
unaffected. Nevertheless, I was glad when the crypt was cleared, and I cannot
say that I went down there more than was necessary. For one thing, it was open
to the four winds by that time, and all the cats in the neighbourhood, many of
them having lost their homes, infested the place with their fleas.
We could not use the church
for several weeks after the bombing. We had our services, many of them
funerals, in St. Mark’s, in East Lane, which was placed at our disposal by
Wellington College Mission. However, my curate and I got to work on the problem
of making a temporary church in St Peter’s, which had a wide aisle at the west
end, running across the church, and the floor of which had not been affected by
the blast. The main force of the bombs had damaged the nave and choir, but left
the aisles and the chancel intact. One bomb, as I have already described, had
gone through the organ, and heaved it so violently from below that the pipes
were thrown in all directions, giving it a very drunken appearance. The plaster
statue of the Blessed Virgin Mary, only recently installed near the organ and
pulpit, was smashed, only the face of our Lady being recognizable. Yet, the
plaster crucifix, just above the pulpit, and within three feet of the statue,
was untouched. In the choir, we had a Bechstein Grand piano. This too had been
thrown into the air, and broke one of its legs, when it came to rest. The
second bomb had gone through the floor immediately in front of the Lady Chapel
Altar, and some of the blast from it took out the whole of the adjacent window,
and smashed the stone top of the altar, without disturbing the cobwebs on the
chains of a hanging sanctuary lamp nearby. The High Altar was completely
undisturbed. Pews in the body of the church were lying higgledy-piggledy. Most
of the windows seemed to be undamaged, but white cracks showed in the plaster
ceiling, where the roof had been jerked up by the explosions.
Calver and I managed to put the High Altar on rollers and
manoeuvre it across the chancel and down the aisles, to place it under one of
the windows on the South side, so that it faced across the church in the west
end aisle. With help we moved some of the smaller pews and chairs to furnish
this aisle, which made a temporary church for our use. I obtained the services
of a local builder, who took up the boarding floor under the damaged pews in
the nave, and used it to make a partition from the west end gallery to the
church floor, thus closing our improvised church off from the damaged nave. We
papered these boards inside, so that it was draught-proof. We moved the font
from its position in the central aisle, to the end of the temporary church, and
the grand piano likewise. Two Tortoise, army-type, coke stoves, each end,
provided the heating. In this fashion, we were fully operational within six
weeks of the bombing, and this was the home of our congregation until the end
of the war. We were much more fortunate than the majority of the churches in
the neighbourhood, which were either blown to pieces or burnt. St Peter’s
escaped burning by a very small margin. We had clouds of incendiary bombs all
round us: I used to sweep up the unexploded ones by the dozen. Only two fell on
the church, which had the largest roof in the area. One landed on top of the
cupboard in my vestry. One of the wardens passing at that moment saw it through
the unblacked -out window, dashed in and put it out. The other we discovered
lying on the rafters of the aisle roof, burnt out, without having set fire to
the woodwork all round. St Peter’s was one of the few churches which did not
have any organised fire-party to care for it, for we were all heavily engaged
in the wardens' service. And yet, because we were so engaged, and allowed the
wardens to use the crypt, we were saved. Likewise, I never had time to look
after the Rectory during raids, unless I happened to be on the spot, when fire
bombs were coming down. And yet, at the end of my time there, in 1944, the only
damage sustained by the Rectory, were two window panes, and a broken front door
lock. We had some extraordinary escapes. I counted about eleven High Explosive
bombs which fell within a radius of 50 yards, and the building next door to the
Rectory, a china store, full of packing cases and straw, was burnt out. One
wall of the Rectory touched this building, so that we got very hot, when the
fire was at its height. The wardens in the Post had to spray it with
stirrup-pumps to prevent it catching fire. Incidentally, the only fire watcher
in the china store at the time was an old and very deaf night watchman, whom we
had to rescue from the building before he could do anything. I wonder whether he even heard the air raid
warning, let alone the quite gentle 'plop' that incendiaries made when they hit.
The wardens and fire guards were kept busy, when we had incendiary
raids, which were usually the overture to the more intensive bombing. The
Germans tried to light up fires, which helped them to pinpoint targets for the
high explosive bombs. It was therefore important to extinguish the fires, if we
wanted to avoid the rest of their attentions. On one particularly busy night, I
counted 95 small fires in my Post area alone. I think this was December 29th,
1940 when the City burnt. We had a good many small explosive bombs, because the
Germans knew the Fire Brigade's plans for relaying water from the river and the
canals by means of relays of fire pumps, every 200 yards. The H.E. bombs were
intended to knock these out. In those days, we were pitifully short of water
supplies for fire-fighting. There were a few 500 gallon tanks in the streets,
but they were emptied by a fire-pump in a very short time.
We had no major fires in my area, except that which destroyed the
War Records, which I have already described. But we had only stirrup pumps, and
a few small axes to deal with the fires once they started. I remember being
called to a house, which was hit be several incendiaries, one of which had
lodged under the floor of the front bedroom. I had nothing to break through the
floor, except a 141b sledge-hammer, which one of the fire guards produced. With
this I managed to bash a hole in the solid pitch-pine floor, and get a stirrup
pump into it. The most serious fires were caused by the occasional oil-bomb –
quite a large affair, containing oil round an explosive core. I remember one of
these failed to ignite during a day raid in my area, and made a horrible mess
of the houses and the street with its cargo of sticky black oil.
Another unusual device was the land mine – parachute mines
weighing about a ton, designed to be used against shipping by being dropped
into the water, where a time fuse or a pressure fuse set it off. The Germans
started using them on London. At first, we did not know what they were: we
reported to Control that there were a lot of explosions in the air, which
damaged roofs and sent chimney pots flying. After a short delay, we got the
message ‘The enemy is using parachute mines.’ This was the first time we had
heard of their existence. On that particular night, we soon knew what they were
like, because one fell in Penrose Street, just a few hundred yards from the
border of our area. There was a tremendous crash, and the air was thick with dust
and debris. It leveled the houses for about a quarter of a mile around, but
miraculously killed very few. They produced a great deal of blast, but those
who were in shelters usually escaped injury.
The names of those who died in the crypt in the early hours of
29 October 1940 are commemorated at St Peter's Church.
__________________________
The above content is from the private papers of Reverend John Gabriel Markham, held at the Imperial War Museum in London.
This 50 page memoir written in the 1970s and entitled 'The Church Under Fire', concerns Rev. Markham’s involvement with Civil Defence when he was Rector of St Peter’s Church, Walworth, SE17, prior to and during the Second World War, with descriptions of his work organising rudimentary Civil Defence for his parish at the time of the Munich Crisis, September 1938, preparing for the evacuation of local children and converting the crypt of his church for use as an air-raid shelter in early 1939, his appointment as ARP Post Warden in early 1940 and his responsibilities for training ARP wardens and Fireguard parties under his control, the evacuation of the church school, the effects of the Blitz, with references to conditions in public shelters and looting, his work as a Bomb Reconnaissance Officer, and final promotion to District Warden before moving to another parish outside London in 1944.
